Animal Experiments Essay - 701 Words

Animal Experiments Animal experimentation by scientists can be cruel and unjust, but at the same time it can provide long term benefits for humanity. Animals used in research and experiments have been going on for 2,000 years and keep is going strong. It is a widely debated about topic all over the world. Some say it is inhuman while others say it’s for the good of human kind. There are many different reasons why people perform experiments and why others total disagree with it. Each year 20 million animals are produce and breed for the only purpose but to be tested on. Fifty-three thousands of animals are used each year in medical and veterinary schools. The rest is used in basic research. The demand for animals in the United States†¦show more content†¦There are numerous tests that animals are put through. Toxicity testing or testing determining if a substance is poisonous or not. Animals are exposed to chemicals through inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and skin contact. They are induced or other words they were normal until a scientist inject chemicals, microorganisms, or other substances into them to produce a disease or to create symptoms of a specific condition. They are put in cages that are covered in their own feces and excrement in small cramped windowless rooms in a laboratory where they know they are going to die. They are bred to die and that’s their only reason they where born on this earth so that the scientists can test the effects of drugs and disease. Scientists actually stand and watch animals die from diseases. They induce hemophilia (excessive bleeding) in dogs, epilepsy (causes seizures) in mice, glaucoma (eye disease) in rabbits, and deafness in cats. There are three main reasons why animals are used in experiments are research on disease, behavior, and education. Research of how the cells function and how disease works. What causes the disease? What can prevent those diseases and how to cure them? Research’s test drugs, chemicals, or products to determine safety and effectiveness. Tested on drugs, discovery new surgery, and to test vaccine or to invent one. They are used in cosmetics to test their efficiency. They are used in the military to test effectsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation And Animal Experiments1619 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lights go on and off. (Cruelty to Animals in Laboratories.)† This is the horrifying reality that animals used in animal experiments have to face. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. Animals help scientists learn more about diseases that occur in humans and animals. Scientists also use animals to test new treatments, medicines, surgical techniques, and more. Different animals can be used for these experiments and the experiments can sometimes lead to medical and scientificRead MoreAnimal Experiments Or Torture?924 Words   |  4 Pages Experiments or Torture? Imagine being trapped in a cage for a lifetime. Picture being tortured through â€Å"experiments.† This is the life many animals in biomedical research are forced to live . Nowadays, most of the animal experiments are conducted on mice, rats, fish, and other animals that are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act of 1966. Animal experiments cause psychological and physical harm to the animals with a complete lack of respect for their quality of life which is why they mustRead MoreUsage of Animals in Biomedical Experiments1175 Words   |  5 Pagesdid many experiments to test the validity of their theories. Such experiments demanded using animals in testing which proved to be beneficial for ages in spite of the objections it raised among animal protectors. Yet the usage of animals in biomedical experiments has increased significantly over the past decade creating more and constant debate on whether the benefits of these experiments overweigh its drawbacks. Therefore the issu e became one of the most controversial topics. Some animals are beingRead MoreShould Animals Use For The Experiment?1229 Words   |  5 Pages05/09/2017 Should Animals Use for the Experiment? Today s medical advances are updated and developed on the news. However, the information they give to the customer is the final research. As a taboo, previous trials conducted on animals will not be mention on the package. The sacrifice is the life of animals, finances, even including the adverse effects on patients when the results on humans are entirely different from those predictable on animal models. I do not agree with animal experiment because itRead MoreAnimal Testing And Biological Experiments1308 Words   |  6 PagesAnimals, humans, alike are thinking breathing and emotional creatures that habit this beautiful Earth. Every year over 100 million animals die from animal testing and biological experiments (Peta.) Animals may not be able to reason or talk, but they can suffer. They feel pain and fear similarly to the way humans do, in fact their reactions to pain are almost identical. Therefore should not be taken advantage of or used as test dummies. The consequence of testi ng on animals for the greater good doesRead MoreA Research Experiment On Animal Research1353 Words   |  6 Pagesillness or the life of an animal. What are your thoughts right now? The cure or the animal? That cure you need for your child s’ illness was tested on animals in a biomedical research experiment. Hearing this might change someone s mind about animal research. Most people would choose the cure for their child and forget about the animal. The process of biomedical animal research is beneficial to the process of medical research and should be used in the experimental process. Animals themselves are veryRead MoreAnimals in Medical Experiments Essay932 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal experimentation has been credited for the medicines made to assist diabetes, vaccines for smallpox, deep brain stimulation for parkinson’s disease, and many more along with millions of dollars spent on failed experiments, millions of animal deaths a year, misleading data and an overall bigger loss than gain. The main point of animal testing is to benefit the safety and overall health of humans, but testing on non humans to learn about humans doesn’t contribute to the cause. Humans have theRead More Experiments on Animals Should Not be Banned Essay2687 Words   |  11 PagesExperiments on Animals Should Not be Banned (word count includes paper outline) Technology and animal testing have provided the human population with many advancements in the past century. Every opportunity to embrace these advancements should be used for the betterment of the human population. It is often an argument based on personal opinion, but once the facts are analyzed, the affirmatives of animal testing outweigh the rationale for banning animal testing. The study ofRead MoreShould We Use Animals For Experiments?1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyears, people think of using animals for an experiment is an awful thing to do. It may seem to be disturbed to some people, but it helped medical researchers to figure out and create new medicines to cure the illnesses that have not a cure yet. How could animals help us with the experiment? If we cannot use animals, then what or who could replace them? Should we use humans for experiments? Until now, people still argue whether we should stop using animals for experiments or not. What people must understandRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesexample, where a man’s best friend was used in scientific experiments that led to the discovery of insulin for diabetes, and saved millions of lives (MacGill: par. 1, 2016). So, where do we draw the line from justifying the use of animals for scientific research to benefit man, to giving them the rig ht to live life alongside man? This brings up the debate: should animals be used in scientific experiments (â€Å"†¦procedures performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases

Discrimination Free Essays

It is about difference, and its value is the richness and variety that different people bring to society. There are so many ways in which people differ from each other. Examples are: Appearance-ability Gender-Talent Race-Beliefs Culture Equality: -Promotion of individual rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is about treating people fairly, regardless of their differences by ensuring that they have access to the same life opportunities as everyone else. People have equal opportunities as everyone else. People have equal opportunities for everything. Examples: -Equal wages for the employees with same qualification, experience doing the same job. Bonus is fixed according to proper performance based measurements. Inclusion: It is about ensuring that there are no barriers that would exclude people or make it difficult for them to fully participate in society. People must be included in all aspects of life, not excluded from some of them because of an illness or disability. Example: – Providing a ramp to give wheelchair access too building. -Providing information in a range of languages and in audio format. Discrimination: Discriminate people on the grounds of age, gender, race, sexuality or ability can damage persons self esteem and reduce their ability to develop and maintain a sense of identity. When people are affected by discrimination they experience anger, humiliation, frustration and a feeling of hopelessness. They are made to feel worthless and at less value than others. Examples When weekly menus are being planned at a day centre, if no account is taken of the religious and cultural needs of people, you should challenge this and suggest changes. When individuals are affected by discrimination, they experience anger, humiliation, frustration and a feeling of hopelessness. They are made to feel worthless and of less value than others. Their families could feel the impact experienced by the individuals. Families could feel that they are treated in the same way as others and would feel that they do not live in a equal society. Wider society the discomfort, awkwardness, lost opportunities. This feeling could be reflected in various unhappy events in a society. It can include certain revolts and non participation in public responsibilities. Those who discriminate will have the side effects of false superiority, and may be ashamed if challenged. Promoting active participation- Active participation allows individual to realize their value and reduce isolation in such a way that an individual can gain self esteem which helps to reduce any form of abuse and discrimination. Quick and effective complaint procedure-Quick, serious, and effective complaint procedure helps to let individual to know that how seriously the act has taken and the consequences of discrimination and it restrains people to engage. Meetings and discussion: It helps to increase awareness and carefulness to discriminatory acts. Discussion and exercising this issue in day to day talks will help individual to challenge discrimination. Task B A social care worker must follow the legislation and cod of practice. There are so many Acts for the diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. They are: Equal pay Act 1970 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Race relation Act 1976 Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005 Employment Equality Regulation 2006 Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 Equality Act 2006 Every social care worker must have a right to follow the legislation and code of practice. If we do not comply with any of the above laws, we can be answerable ICQ and it can lead to eventual disciplinary action and suspension from the place of work. C Inclusive practice means supporting diversity by accepting to welcome people’s differences and promote equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all. In health care sector we demonstrate inclusive practice by recognizing respect, value and make most of all, aspects of diversity. Through share decision making, effective immunization and promoting dignity and respect, giving choices and rights are the ways of promoting equality. It is important to be aware about diversity, equality and inclusion. We can raise awareness by advertising in notice board. Another way to raise awareness is to attend courses to increase the knowledge and awareness. Task C Each and every person has different personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs. It may vary from person to person and depends upon the culture of the people. The fact that I am an Indian my personal beliefs about food, culture, marriage ND religion will be different compared with a person brought up in I-J. I think that it is difficult to compare someone brought up in India with someone brought up in I-J. Still I am looking after the people in I-J and I am working in a care sector. I have to recognize and respect people’s beliefs and preferences. My work setting should be a place in which diversity and differences are acknowledged and respected. One of the hardest things is to acknowledge our own prejudices and how they affect what we do at work. Prejudices are a result of our own beliefs and values and may often come into conflict with work situations. There is nothing wrong with having our beliefs and values. Everyone has beliefs and values and they play a vital role in what I am. I must be aware of them and how they may affect what I do at work. Exploring our own behavior is never easy and you need good support from either you supervisor or close friends to do it. You may be upset by what you find out about someone of our attitudes but knowing about them and acknowledging them is the first step of doing something about them. As a care worker it will be easier to make ere that you are practicing effectively with regular reviews. The confidence at work can be explicit in your own practices and attitudes. Once we are aware of our own beliefs and values and have recognized how important they are, we must be ready to accept the beliefs and values of others. The people we work with are different and so it is important to recognize and accept the diversity. We have to make sure that we always respond to people in a respectful way which ensures that they are valued. We need to understand what happens when people are not valued or respected. It is also important that we recognize the ways in which good practice helps to protect people from discrimination and exclusion. People should make choices about how they want to live their lives. Promoting equality and right is supported by the practical steps that we can take in day to day working activities to give people more choices and opportunities to take decisions about their own lives. Respecting people and valuing them as individuals is always going to be an important factor in promoting self esteem and well being. We have to make sure that our practice is inclusive and follow the policies and procedures of a care home. The national occupational standards define active support as working in a way that recognizes people have the right to take part in the activities and relationships of every day life as independently as they can. It supports them by helping with what they really manage to do themselves. We have to remember that we get regular feed back from people we support, colleagues as well as from our supervisor. Inclusive practices are varied, but broadly it is about ensuring that there are no arises that would exclude people or make it difficult for them to fully participate in society. People must be included in all aspects of life not excluded from some of them because of an illness or disability. Inclusive practice is about providing the support that people want in order to live their lives as fully as possible. Examples of inclusive practices Providing a ramp to give wheelchair access to a building. Providing information in a range of languages and in audio format. Overall practicing in an inclusive way means constantly asking what changes need to e done so that a particular person can participate and then doing whatever is within our areas of responsibility to make those changes happen. When we follow inclusive practice we have to follow the laws, national standards and code of practice, guidelines and polices. Now we have to understand that control to take decision is in the hands of people who are using the support services and they must be able to make choices about how, when and what level they want to be active participants in society. My nursing home arranged a day trip to Kendal for shopping and we could not take students who were using wheel chair because our trip was in a mini bus which cannot access wheelchair users. So it was a discrimination of wheelchair users. Actually we had to plan early for the trip and arrange facility to wheel chair access. We had planned a trip to visit a museum and we could not take a category of people with disabilities (dementia) due to the fact that it was situated where we could not take them. We had promised that we would take them for the trip. I think that it was a discriminatory practice. We could have found a place where everyone would have How to cite Discrimination, Papers Discrimination Free Essays string(145) " to the Territorial Application of all ECHR provisions is that it should be ratified by the by the member states that wish for it to be applied\." The European Convention on Human rights is a treaty that was created to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. The treaty was created by the Council of Europe in hopes that atrocities that affect human lives are prevented and protected under the law. This is due to Post World War II events where the European states had to suffer unrest due to economic and social reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now As such the European convention was created in order to prevent similar instances of these events through the protection of the social and individual rights of individuals. The convention is separated into three main sections. The first section is the declaration of the rights and freedoms that member states will be upholding. Section two creates a system for its implementation and section three primarily discusses prescribed ways in order to develop, maintain and further human rights. This paper focuses on issues of discrimination that is affected by the convention.. Discrimination in general means the unfair treatment based on prejudice or preconceived ideas without the knowledge or examination. After the world war, Europe was divided and discrimination was rampant. Conflicts arose among the population since they discriminated against each other creating a chaotic environment that has been seen to be detrimental to the state. Discrimination of all kinds are prohibited under the convention since it causes various problems if practiced by government units. Discrimination according to the ECHR â€Å"The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social in origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.† Here we see that the analysis of the above provision that it generally prohibits discrimination of any kind based on their sex, race,   colour, language, religion , political or other opinions, national or social origins, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status. It essentially means that you will not be discriminated upon because of your person. No matter if an individual is male or female, whatever nationality or ethno linguistic group individual appears to be, no matter the colour of the skin, whatever language used, whatever religious affiliations or beliefs, no matter what an individual’s views and beliefs in life are, no matter what their social standing may be, no matter the circumstances of their birth or any other status that pertains to the personal identity of the person they are insured of being protected by the convention. This means that one will be treated based on what they are (citizens of the world) what they have done and not based on who they appear to be or based on biases of preconceptions. (Davis) The above line is Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights. It explicitly prohibits the instances of discrimination of any kind. It is mainly flawed because it does not assert that the right to the protection against discrimination in a general scope. It only insures the protection from discrimination with regards to other rights included in the convention. It does not insure universal protection against the discrimination only but only for those rights provided in the ECHR. If the discrimination does not affect any of the ECHR rights, then the protection of discrimination does not take effect, no matter how bad the discrimination may be. The ECHR, recognizing the weakness of this provision, ratified Protocol No. 12 which extends the scope of Article 14. Protocol no. 12 states that: (1)  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The enjoyment of any right set forth by the law shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority property, birth or status. (2)  Ã‚  Ã‚   No one shall be discriminated against by any public authority on any ground such as those mentioned in paragraph 1 Protocol 12 is a freestanding provision to protect individuals from discrimination –  · In enjoying any right within national law  · By public authorities carrying out their legal obligations, including when using discretionary powers such as grant making.  · Any other act, or failure to act, by a public authority.† Protocol no. 12 was ratified to be part of the ECHR after the Council of Europe’s 10 member states have ratified it in order for it to take effect. However it seems as though the UK government is not too keen about this protocol as they have yet to ratify the protocol. The UK government had already shown support for Protocol 12 but says that is not yet the time for it. On the other hand, UK has already passed the Human Rights Act of 1998 that also extends the scope of the provisions of the ECHR, though only making it more available to the people within their state. They are still, however, still limited by the same limitations as the ECHR. Discrimination in the ECHR also has elements to be considered. First is that another particular right ensured in the ECHR must first be breached and the second is that there must be no â€Å"objective and reasonable justification† or that there is no â€Å"reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realized†. This means that the protection against discrimination must be raised only if one of the rights ensured in the ECHR is breached or violated. The claimant must then first prove that there is a breach upon at least one of the rights in the ECHR. The other element is that the claimant must also prove they have been given separate treatment than what would those who have experienced the same situation. The alleged discriminatory act must also not have any reason(s) for a person to be discriminated against in order for the case to be recognized by the courts. (Human Rights Case Digest) Territorial Application of ECHR (Article 56) The most important part to remember with regards to the Territorial Application of all ECHR provisions is that it should be ratified by the by the member states that wish for it to be applied. You read "Discrimination" in category "Papers" This means that they first need to accept the provisions of the ECHR before they are to implement it. Another is that ratification of the ECHR is also subject to the rules, regulations and policies of the local states where it has been ratified. This essentially means that the respective states have the authority to apply discretionary powers of their governments with regard to their own laws and regulations. Territorial Application also requires that the states who have ratified this convention must recognize the capabilities and the competence of the body created to manage and hear issues regarding the provisions of ECHR. The provisions are also affects not only the nation state that ratified it but also with regards to other states with which they have diplomatic relations with. UK on the other hand, created a law that incorporated the ECHR into their national laws. This is the Human rights act of 1998. This law also gave the UK local courts the authority to hear human rights cases within their territories and decide on these cases basing it on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. (Davis) UK, and all the other members of the Council of Europe, was given the authority not to adhere to certain provisions of the ECHR. This is under article 57 of the ECHR entitled â€Å"Reservations†. The Article 57 is a provision of the ECHR that gives the states whose laws and local regulations are in conflict with one of the provisions of ECHR are allowed to maintain their laws but under the notion that not the general ideas and principles of the Convention. This gave the UK the power not to accept protocol 12 where they have justified their reasons for not doing so. This is a power that was given to all member states. (Davis) UK and Protocol 12: Justification for non-ratification UK said that Protocol 12 is not realistic and not practical to be implemented because of three main reasons. The first one is that there is a vague definition of the scope of this law. They say that the exact scope of the statement, â€Å"rights set forth by law†. The second reason is that the Protocol does not recognize the European Court of Human Rights case law since it does not allow for â€Å"objectivity and reasonably justified distinctions† and the third reason is that they say that Protocol 12 â€Å"does not make Provision for positive measures†. This means that the UK government does not see any textual reference to a government’s action to permit positive and proportional action to determine the best action to enforce anti-discrimination practices. Everyone has the right to be protected from any form of discrimination but the ECHR focuses (but not limited to) on state-individual relations which means that they focus on cases which involves the states and individuals who claim to have been discriminated against. The reason for this is because of its aim to protect individuals from the state discrimination. They are principles that adhere to the protection of the right to freedom, liberty, property and equality among the people. Perhaps this could be better explained by the passage: â€Å"All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.† (Baker) This passage summarizes the underlying principle behind the effectivity of ECHR article 14. A government or public institution should not choose who to serve because they should serve without bias or discrimination among them. Although there are cases in which the government has the discretion to determine those who they may or may not serve. These instances include when it is in accordance to public policy, during instances of war or the government has decided that the suspension of the right against discrimination is will be beneficial to the state. These instances vary but usually always include the threat to national security. [8] The Concept of Equality; Analysis The Concept of Equality is the main reason for the implementation of this particular article. It provides that all men are created equal under the law, with the same rights and obligations that bind them with the state and the law that govern them. They are all given the same rights and freedoms as the other and the government becomes an impartial servant for its constituents to protect and preserve those rights and freedoms. The government, being the body that protects its constituents must remain impartial and aim to serve the people as best as it. The number of people they serve are among the millions and they are all different individuals, they believe in different things, they follow different cultures, they wear different clothes and they may also speak different languages. The only thing that should matter to the government is that they are all its constituents. They all deserve to be treated the same way as everyone else. The negative thing about the concept of discrimination is that it is not based on facts rather, it is based on hearsay and gossip which may or may not be true at all. It also generalizes the population and creates a certain feeling of superiority and inferiority. It also creates an illusion of â€Å"them and us† in which people are matched against people widening the gap between them to the point that they may no longer be able to work together. Discrimination creates conflict among the individuals who practice them.   It creates a division among the people and makes them go into a cycle of hate. They inflict upon each other unnecessary pain that is difficult to heal. Discrimination eventually leads to anger, hate and violence that could cause the lives of thousands and millions of people. In the issue of Nation Building, discrimination would prevent the development of a dominant national identity especially in countries such as the United Kingdom who are blessed with various cultures, peoples, beliefs traditions and ways of thinking. If everyone discriminated against everyone then they would not be able to do anything together. Nothing would be done. Everyone would just be stuck fighting one another. It becomes the government’s job to prevent such instances from happening in order to keep government functioning smoothly. In order to do so, it must first establish a culture of thinking and acting objectively in order to better serve the people. The government becomes a role model to follow when it comes to treating other people†¦ Conclusion The idea of the protection against non-discrimination is a concept based on unity and equality. The government (and all the peoples of the world) should all recognize the importance of the provision and its impact in both national and personal life. This protection and prohibition against discrimination offers each individual the chance to grow with the same opportunities that is given by their states, rights and freedoms. How to cite Discrimination, Papers

Quality Management Toys Ltd

Question: Discuss about theQuality Management for Toys Ltd. Answer: Introduction Toys Ltd. should implement in order to achieve higher results in its sales improving sales performance force performance, and also to explore how these improvements should be implemented. Toys Ltd. is a middle size private owned enterprise that was established in 1990 with the acquiring of facilities in Cyprus. The company is merchandising over 3000 different products in toys area per year and it is ranked as relative one of the Middle-size Wholesalers in Cyprus. More specifically, Toys toys main domain is to import selected toys from factories mainly in China (also it imports products from Italy, Turkey and Germany) and then storage them (Coelho, 2016). The sales team comes then and it promotes all of the products to costumers mainly in Cyprus in wholesalers and final retailers. Academic, researchers and consultants support that key elements for the improvement of the sales operations of a firm include development of an effective reward system, completion of training sessions, colla boration between sales and marketing departments, and adoption of relationship marketing strategies, which concentrate in long-term relationships and profitability. After the analysis of the current situation of the company and its business environment it was found that, Toys Ltd. implements a tactic that is volume oriented. Moreover, the company does not organize training session for its sales personnel and has not created a marketing department. Besides that, improving sales performance the educational background of the stuff is weak. All these weaknesses make the firm less competitive. The conduction of the external analysis indicated that GDP growth and consumption rate are declining, specifying the weak foundation of the Greek economy. In the same length, birth rate is also declining, and this fact reduces the target audience and sales performance of the firm (Thomas, 2013). Analysis also showed that toy market is characterized by high concentration; more specifically, the leader of the market (Jumbo) holds the 36 % of the market. Hence, large competitors have better negotiation power resulting in the offering of better promotions and lower prices. Finally, analysis showed that Cyprus retail sector is declining following the trend of the other sectors of the economy. After the analysis of the academic literature and the external and internal environment of Toys Ltd., some recommendation could be sketched (Ni, Flynn Jacobs, 2016). First, Toys Ltd. should establish a marketing department, which will be responsible to assemble and analyze market data (market share, competitors share, retail sector evolution, customers data etc.); create and develop communication campaigns; support salespersons to develop their customer base, and maintain the good and profitable relationships with the loyal customers of the firm. Moreover, the duties of the marketing department will focus on the establishment of the brand of the company. Secondly, Toys Ltd. can focus in new product categories such as electrical and high tech games, which illustrate high growth. Thirdly, Toys Ltd. should make some improving sales performance improvements it its recruiting system focusing in education background and working experience. In the same length, the firm should introduce training session for sales representatives concerning sales and key account management. Finally, taking advantage of digital technologies, Toys Ltd. should develop a CRM strategy in order to develop long term profitable relationships with retailers and wholesalers. This strategy includes three basic steps: 1) acquire the customer, 2) retain the customer in the company, and 3) extend the relationship resulting in augmented purchases and profits (Tan, Tse Chen, 2014). Reference List Coelho, C. M. (2016).Science4you in UK: a toy story(Doctoral dissertation). Ni, J., Flynn, B. B., Jacobs, F. R. (2016). The effect of a toy industry product recall announcement on shareholder wealth.International Journal of Production Research,54(18), 5404-5415. Tan, K. H., Tse, Y. K., Chen, J. (2014). Quality risk in global supply networks.Global Supply Chain Quality Management: Product Recalls and Their Impact, 47. Thomas, V. (2013). Playing at the crossroads.